Queen of Spades, Pallas Athena (goddess)
Queen of Hearts, Judith (book of Judith)
Queen of Diamonds, Rachel (either biblical, historical, or mythical)
Queen of Clubs, Argine (possibly an anagram of regina, or maybe Argea, mother of Argus.

The queen references and origins of other playing card markings go back hundreds of years. Probably even before the Four Queens opened [g].